/*
 * Kernel-based Virtual Machine driver for Linux
 *
 * This module enables machines with Intel VT-x extensions to run virtual
 * machines without emulation or binary translation.
 *
 * MMU support
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2006 Qumranet, Inc.
 * Copyright 2010 Red Hat, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
 *
 * Authors:
 *   Yaniv Kamay  <yaniv@qumranet.com>
 *   Avi Kivity   <avi@qumranet.com>
 *
 * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2.  See
 * the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
 *
 */

#include "irq.h"
#include "mmu.h"
#include "x86.h"
#include "kvm_cache_regs.h"

#include <linux/kvm_host.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/highmem.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/hugetlb.h>
#include <linux/compiler.h>
#include <linux/srcu.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>

#include <asm/page.h>
#include <asm/cmpxchg.h>
#include <asm/io.h>
#include <asm/vmx.h>

/*
 * When setting this variable to true it enables Two-Dimensional-Paging
 * where the hardware walks 2 page tables:
 * 1. the guest-virtual to guest-physical
 * 2. while doing 1. it walks guest-physical to host-physical
 * If the hardware supports that we don't need to do shadow paging.
 */
bool tdp_enabled = false;

enum {
        AUDIT_PRE_PAGE_FAULT,
        AUDIT_POST_PAGE_FAULT,
        AUDIT_PRE_PTE_WRITE,
        AUDIT_POST_PTE_WRITE,
        AUDIT_PRE_SYNC,
        AUDIT_POST_SYNC
};

char *audit_point_name[] = {
        "pre page fault",
        "post page fault",
        "pre pte write",
        "post pte write",
        "pre sync",
        "post sync"
};

#undef MMU_DEBUG

#ifdef MMU_DEBUG

#define pgprintk(x...) do { if (dbg) printk(x); } while (0)
#define rmap_printk(x...) do { if (dbg) printk(x); } while (0)

#else

#define pgprintk(x...) do { } while (0)
#define rmap_printk(x...) do { } while (0)

#endif

#ifdef MMU_DEBUG
static int dbg = 0;
module_param(dbg, bool, 0644);
#endif

static int oos_shadow = 1;
module_param(oos_shadow, bool, 0644);

#ifndef MMU_DEBUG
#define ASSERT(x) do { } while (0)
#else
#define ASSERT(x)                                                       \
        if (!(x)) {                                                     \
                printk(KERN_WARNING "assertion failed %s:%d: %s\n",     \
                       __FILE__, __LINE__, #x);                         \
        }
#endif

#define PTE_PREFETCH_NUM                8

#define PT_FIRST_AVAIL_BITS_SHIFT 9
#define PT64_SECOND_AVAIL_BITS_SHIFT 52

#define PT64_LEVEL_BITS 9

#define PT64_LEVEL_SHIFT(level) \
                (PAGE_SHIFT + (level - 1) * PT64_LEVEL_BITS)

#define PT64_INDEX(address, level)\
        (((address) >> PT64_LEVEL_SHIFT(level)) & ((1 << PT64_LEVEL_BITS) - 1))


#define PT32_LEVEL_BITS 10

#define PT32_LEVEL_SHIFT(level) \
                (PAGE_SHIFT + (level - 1) * PT32_LEVEL_BITS)

#define PT32_LVL_OFFSET_MASK(level) \
        (PT32_BASE_ADDR_MASK & ((1ULL << (PAGE_SHIFT + (((level) - 1) \
                                                * PT32_LEVEL_BITS))) - 1))

#define PT32_INDEX(address, level)\
        (((address) >> PT32_LEVEL_SHIFT(level)) & ((1 << PT32_LEVEL_BITS) - 1))


#define PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK (((1ULL << 52) - 1) & ~(u64)(PAGE_SIZE-1))
#define PT64_DIR_BASE_ADDR_MASK \
        (PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK & ~((1ULL << (PAGE_SHIFT + PT64_LEVEL_BITS)) - 1))
#define PT64_LVL_ADDR_MASK(level) \
        (PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK & ~((1ULL << (PAGE_SHIFT + (((level) - 1) \
                                                * PT64_LEVEL_BITS))) - 1))
#define PT64_LVL_OFFSET_MASK(level) \
        (PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK & ((1ULL << (PAGE_SHIFT + (((level) - 1) \
                                                * PT64_LEVEL_BITS))) - 1))

#define PT32_BASE_ADDR_MASK PAGE_MASK
#define PT32_DIR_BASE_ADDR_MASK \
        (PAGE_MASK & ~((1ULL << (PAGE_SHIFT + PT32_LEVEL_BITS)) - 1))
#define PT32_LVL_ADDR_MASK(level) \
        (PAGE_MASK & ~((1ULL << (PAGE_SHIFT + (((level) - 1) \
                                            * PT32_LEVEL_BITS))) - 1))

#define PT64_PERM_MASK (PT_PRESENT_MASK | PT_WRITABLE_MASK | PT_USER_MASK \
                        | PT64_NX_MASK)

#define PTE_LIST_EXT 4

#define ACC_EXEC_MASK    1
#define ACC_WRITE_MASK   PT_WRITABLE_MASK
#define ACC_USER_MASK    PT_USER_MASK
#define ACC_ALL          (ACC_EXEC_MASK | ACC_WRITE_MASK | ACC_USER_MASK)

#include <trace/events/kvm.h>

#define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
#include "mmutrace.h"

#define SPTE_HOST_WRITEABLE (1ULL << PT_FIRST_AVAIL_BITS_SHIFT)

#define SHADOW_PT_INDEX(addr, level) PT64_INDEX(addr, level)

struct pte_list_desc {
        u64 *sptes[PTE_LIST_EXT];
        struct pte_list_desc *more;
};

struct kvm_shadow_walk_iterator {
        u64 addr;
        hpa_t shadow_addr;
        u64 *sptep;
        int level;
        unsigned index;
};

#define for_each_shadow_entry(_vcpu, _addr, _walker)    \
        for (shadow_walk_init(&(_walker), _vcpu, _addr);        \
             shadow_walk_okay(&(_walker));                      \
             shadow_walk_next(&(_walker)))

#define for_each_shadow_entry_lockless(_vcpu, _addr, _walker, spte)     \
        for (shadow_walk_init(&(_walker), _vcpu, _addr);                \
             shadow_walk_okay(&(_walker)) &&                            \
                ({ spte = mmu_spte_get_lockless(_walker.sptep); 1; });  \
             __shadow_walk_next(&(_walker), spte))

static struct kmem_cache *pte_list_desc_cache;
static struct kmem_cache *mmu_page_header_cache;
static struct percpu_counter kvm_total_used_mmu_pages;

static u64 __read_mostly shadow_nx_mask;
static u64 __read_mostly shadow_x_mask; /* mutual exclusive with nx_mask */
static u64 __read_mostly shadow_user_mask;
static u64 __read_mostly shadow_accessed_mask;
static u64 __read_mostly shadow_dirty_mask;
static u64 __read_mostly shadow_mmio_mask;

static void mmu_spte_set(u64 *sptep, u64 spte);

void kvm_mmu_set_mmio_spte_mask(u64 mmio_mask)
{
        shadow_mmio_mask = mmio_mask;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_mmu_set_mmio_spte_mask);

static void mark_mmio_spte(u64 *sptep, u64 gfn, unsigned access)
{
        access &= ACC_WRITE_MASK | ACC_USER_MASK;

        trace_mark_mmio_spte(sptep, gfn, access);
        mmu_spte_set(sptep, shadow_mmio_mask | access | gfn << PAGE_SHIFT);
}

static bool is_mmio_spte(u64 spte)
{
        return (spte & shadow_mmio_mask) == shadow_mmio_mask;
}

static gfn_t get_mmio_spte_gfn(u64 spte)
{
        return (spte & ~shadow_mmio_mask) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
}

static unsigned get_mmio_spte_access(u64 spte)
{
        return (spte & ~shadow_mmio_mask) & ~PAGE_MASK;
}

static bool set_mmio_spte(u64 *sptep, gfn_t gfn, pfn_t pfn, unsigned access)
{
        if (unlikely(is_noslot_pfn(pfn))) {
                mark_mmio_spte(sptep, gfn, access);
                return true;
        }

        return false;
}

static inline u64 rsvd_bits(int s, int e)
{
        return ((1ULL << (e - s + 1)) - 1) << s;
}

void kvm_mmu_set_mask_ptes(u64 user_mask, u64 accessed_mask,
                u64 dirty_mask, u64 nx_mask, u64 x_mask)
{
        shadow_user_mask = user_mask;
        shadow_accessed_mask = accessed_mask;
        shadow_dirty_mask = dirty_mask;
        shadow_nx_mask = nx_mask;
        shadow_x_mask = x_mask;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_mmu_set_mask_ptes);

static int is_cpuid_PSE36(void)
{
        return 1;
}

static int is_nx(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        return vcpu->arch.efer & EFER_NX;
}

static int is_shadow_present_pte(u64 pte)
{
        return pte & PT_PRESENT_MASK && !is_mmio_spte(pte);
}

static int is_large_pte(u64 pte)
{
        return pte & PT_PAGE_SIZE_MASK;
}

static int is_dirty_gpte(unsigned long pte)
{
        return pte & PT_DIRTY_MASK;
}

static int is_rmap_spte(u64 pte)
{
        return is_shadow_present_pte(pte);
}

static int is_last_spte(u64 pte, int level)
{
        if (level == PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL)
                return 1;
        if (is_large_pte(pte))
                return 1;
        return 0;
}

static pfn_t spte_to_pfn(u64 pte)
{
        return (pte & PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
}

static gfn_t pse36_gfn_delta(u32 gpte)
{
        int shift = 32 - PT32_DIR_PSE36_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT;

        return (gpte & PT32_DIR_PSE36_MASK) << shift;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
static void __set_spte(u64 *sptep, u64 spte)
{
        *sptep = spte;
}

static void __update_clear_spte_fast(u64 *sptep, u64 spte)
{
        *sptep = spte;
}

static u64 __update_clear_spte_slow(u64 *sptep, u64 spte)
{
        return xchg(sptep, spte);
}

static u64 __get_spte_lockless(u64 *sptep)
{
        return ACCESS_ONCE(*sptep);
}

static bool __check_direct_spte_mmio_pf(u64 spte)
{
        /* It is valid if the spte is zapped. */
        return spte == 0ull;
}
#else
union split_spte {
        struct {
                u32 spte_low;
                u32 spte_high;
        };
        u64 spte;
};

static void count_spte_clear(u64 *sptep, u64 spte)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp =  page_header(__pa(sptep));

        if (is_shadow_present_pte(spte))
                return;

        /* Ensure the spte is completely set before we increase the count */
        smp_wmb();
        sp->clear_spte_count++;
}

static void __set_spte(u64 *sptep, u64 spte)
{
        union split_spte *ssptep, sspte;

        ssptep = (union split_spte *)sptep;
        sspte = (union split_spte)spte;

        ssptep->spte_high = sspte.spte_high;

        /*
         * If we map the spte from nonpresent to present, We should store
         * the high bits firstly, then set present bit, so cpu can not
         * fetch this spte while we are setting the spte.
         */
        smp_wmb();

        ssptep->spte_low = sspte.spte_low;
}

static void __update_clear_spte_fast(u64 *sptep, u64 spte)
{
        union split_spte *ssptep, sspte;

        ssptep = (union split_spte *)sptep;
        sspte = (union split_spte)spte;

        ssptep->spte_low = sspte.spte_low;

        /*
         * If we map the spte from present to nonpresent, we should clear
         * present bit firstly to avoid vcpu fetch the old high bits.
         */
        smp_wmb();

        ssptep->spte_high = sspte.spte_high;
        count_spte_clear(sptep, spte);
}

static u64 __update_clear_spte_slow(u64 *sptep, u64 spte)
{
        union split_spte *ssptep, sspte, orig;

        ssptep = (union split_spte *)sptep;
        sspte = (union split_spte)spte;

        /* xchg acts as a barrier before the setting of the high bits */
        orig.spte_low = xchg(&ssptep->spte_low, sspte.spte_low);
        orig.spte_high = ssptep->spte_high;
        ssptep->spte_high = sspte.spte_high;
        count_spte_clear(sptep, spte);

        return orig.spte;
}

/*
 * The idea using the light way get the spte on x86_32 guest is from
 * gup_get_pte(arch/x86/mm/gup.c).
 * The difference is we can not catch the spte tlb flush if we leave
 * guest mode, so we emulate it by increase clear_spte_count when spte
 * is cleared.
 */
static u64 __get_spte_lockless(u64 *sptep)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp =  page_header(__pa(sptep));
        union split_spte spte, *orig = (union split_spte *)sptep;
        int count;

retry:
        count = sp->clear_spte_count;
        smp_rmb();

        spte.spte_low = orig->spte_low;
        smp_rmb();

        spte.spte_high = orig->spte_high;
        smp_rmb();

        if (unlikely(spte.spte_low != orig->spte_low ||
              count != sp->clear_spte_count))
                goto retry;

        return spte.spte;
}

static bool __check_direct_spte_mmio_pf(u64 spte)
{
        union split_spte sspte = (union split_spte)spte;
        u32 high_mmio_mask = shadow_mmio_mask >> 32;

        /* It is valid if the spte is zapped. */
        if (spte == 0ull)
                return true;

        /* It is valid if the spte is being zapped. */
        if (sspte.spte_low == 0ull &&
            (sspte.spte_high & high_mmio_mask) == high_mmio_mask)
                return true;

        return false;
}
#endif

static bool spte_has_volatile_bits(u64 spte)
{
        if (!shadow_accessed_mask)
                return false;

        if (!is_shadow_present_pte(spte))
                return false;

        if ((spte & shadow_accessed_mask) &&
              (!is_writable_pte(spte) || (spte & shadow_dirty_mask)))
                return false;

        return true;
}

static bool spte_is_bit_cleared(u64 old_spte, u64 new_spte, u64 bit_mask)
{
        return (old_spte & bit_mask) && !(new_spte & bit_mask);
}

/* Rules for using mmu_spte_set:
 * Set the sptep from nonpresent to present.
 * Note: the sptep being assigned *must* be either not present
 * or in a state where the hardware will not attempt to update
 * the spte.
 */
static void mmu_spte_set(u64 *sptep, u64 new_spte)
{
        WARN_ON(is_shadow_present_pte(*sptep));
        __set_spte(sptep, new_spte);
}

/* Rules for using mmu_spte_update:
 * Update the state bits, it means the mapped pfn is not changged.
 */
static void mmu_spte_update(u64 *sptep, u64 new_spte)
{
        u64 mask, old_spte = *sptep;

        WARN_ON(!is_rmap_spte(new_spte));

        if (!is_shadow_present_pte(old_spte))
                return mmu_spte_set(sptep, new_spte);

        new_spte |= old_spte & shadow_dirty_mask;

        mask = shadow_accessed_mask;
        if (is_writable_pte(old_spte))
                mask |= shadow_dirty_mask;

        if (!spte_has_volatile_bits(old_spte) || (new_spte & mask) == mask)
                __update_clear_spte_fast(sptep, new_spte);
        else
                old_spte = __update_clear_spte_slow(sptep, new_spte);

        if (!shadow_accessed_mask)
                return;

        if (spte_is_bit_cleared(old_spte, new_spte, shadow_accessed_mask))
                kvm_set_pfn_accessed(spte_to_pfn(old_spte));
        if (spte_is_bit_cleared(old_spte, new_spte, shadow_dirty_mask))
                kvm_set_pfn_dirty(spte_to_pfn(old_spte));
}

/*
 * Rules for using mmu_spte_clear_track_bits:
 * It sets the sptep from present to nonpresent, and track the
 * state bits, it is used to clear the last level sptep.
 */
static int mmu_spte_clear_track_bits(u64 *sptep)
{
        pfn_t pfn;
        u64 old_spte = *sptep;

        if (!spte_has_volatile_bits(old_spte))
                __update_clear_spte_fast(sptep, 0ull);
        else
                old_spte = __update_clear_spte_slow(sptep, 0ull);

        if (!is_rmap_spte(old_spte))
                return 0;

        pfn = spte_to_pfn(old_spte);
        if (!shadow_accessed_mask || old_spte & shadow_accessed_mask)
                kvm_set_pfn_accessed(pfn);
        if (!shadow_dirty_mask || (old_spte & shadow_dirty_mask))
                kvm_set_pfn_dirty(pfn);
        return 1;
}

/*
 * Rules for using mmu_spte_clear_no_track:
 * Directly clear spte without caring the state bits of sptep,
 * it is used to set the upper level spte.
 */
static void mmu_spte_clear_no_track(u64 *sptep)
{
        __update_clear_spte_fast(sptep, 0ull);
}

static u64 mmu_spte_get_lockless(u64 *sptep)
{
        return __get_spte_lockless(sptep);
}

static void walk_shadow_page_lockless_begin(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        rcu_read_lock();
        atomic_inc(&vcpu->kvm->arch.reader_counter);

        /* Increase the counter before walking shadow page table */
        smp_mb__after_atomic_inc();
}

static void walk_shadow_page_lockless_end(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        /* Decrease the counter after walking shadow page table finished */
        smp_mb__before_atomic_dec();
        atomic_dec(&vcpu->kvm->arch.reader_counter);
        rcu_read_unlock();
}

static int mmu_topup_memory_cache(struct kvm_mmu_memory_cache *cache,
                                  struct kmem_cache *base_cache, int min)
{
        void *obj;

        if (cache->nobjs >= min)
                return 0;
        while (cache->nobjs < ARRAY_SIZE(cache->objects)) {
                obj = kmem_cache_zalloc(base_cache, GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!obj)
                        return -ENOMEM;
                cache->objects[cache->nobjs++] = obj;
        }
        return 0;
}

static void mmu_free_memory_cache(struct kvm_mmu_memory_cache *mc,
                                  struct kmem_cache *cache)
{
        while (mc->nobjs)
                kmem_cache_free(cache, mc->objects[--mc->nobjs]);
}

static int mmu_topup_memory_cache_page(struct kvm_mmu_memory_cache *cache,
                                       int min)
{
        void *page;

        if (cache->nobjs >= min)
                return 0;
        while (cache->nobjs < ARRAY_SIZE(cache->objects)) {
                page = (void *)__get_free_page(GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!page)
                        return -ENOMEM;
                cache->objects[cache->nobjs++] = page;
        }
        return 0;
}

static void mmu_free_memory_cache_page(struct kvm_mmu_memory_cache *mc)
{
        while (mc->nobjs)
                free_page((unsigned long)mc->objects[--mc->nobjs]);
}

static int mmu_topup_memory_caches(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        int r;

        r = mmu_topup_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_pte_list_desc_cache,
                                   pte_list_desc_cache, 8 + PTE_PREFETCH_NUM);
        if (r)
                goto out;
        r = mmu_topup_memory_cache_page(&vcpu->arch.mmu_page_cache, 8);
        if (r)
                goto out;
        r = mmu_topup_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_page_header_cache,
                                   mmu_page_header_cache, 4);
out:
        return r;
}

static void mmu_free_memory_caches(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        mmu_free_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_pte_list_desc_cache,
                                pte_list_desc_cache);
        mmu_free_memory_cache_page(&vcpu->arch.mmu_page_cache);
        mmu_free_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_page_header_cache,
                                mmu_page_header_cache);
}

static void *mmu_memory_cache_alloc(struct kvm_mmu_memory_cache *mc,
                                    size_t size)
{
        void *p;

        BUG_ON(!mc->nobjs);
        p = mc->objects[--mc->nobjs];
        return p;
}

static struct pte_list_desc *mmu_alloc_pte_list_desc(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        return mmu_memory_cache_alloc(&vcpu->arch.mmu_pte_list_desc_cache,
                                      sizeof(struct pte_list_desc));
}

static void mmu_free_pte_list_desc(struct pte_list_desc *pte_list_desc)
{
        kmem_cache_free(pte_list_desc_cache, pte_list_desc);
}

static gfn_t kvm_mmu_page_get_gfn(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp, int index)
{
        if (!sp->role.direct)
                return sp->gfns[index];

        return sp->gfn + (index << ((sp->role.level - 1) * PT64_LEVEL_BITS));
}

static void kvm_mmu_page_set_gfn(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp, int index, gfn_t gfn)
{
        if (sp->role.direct)
                BUG_ON(gfn != kvm_mmu_page_get_gfn(sp, index));
        else
                sp->gfns[index] = gfn;
}

/*
 * Return the pointer to the large page information for a given gfn,
 * handling slots that are not large page aligned.
 */
static struct kvm_lpage_info *lpage_info_slot(gfn_t gfn,
                                              struct kvm_memory_slot *slot,
                                              int level)
{
        unsigned long idx;

        idx = (gfn >> KVM_HPAGE_GFN_SHIFT(level)) -
              (slot->base_gfn >> KVM_HPAGE_GFN_SHIFT(level));
        return &slot->lpage_info[level - 2][idx];
}

static void account_shadowed(struct kvm *kvm, gfn_t gfn)
{
        struct kvm_memory_slot *slot;
        struct kvm_lpage_info *linfo;
        int i;

        slot = gfn_to_memslot(kvm, gfn);
        for (i = PT_DIRECTORY_LEVEL;
             i < PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL + KVM_NR_PAGE_SIZES; ++i) {
                linfo = lpage_info_slot(gfn, slot, i);
                linfo->write_count += 1;
        }
        kvm->arch.indirect_shadow_pages++;
}

static void unaccount_shadowed(struct kvm *kvm, gfn_t gfn)
{
        struct kvm_memory_slot *slot;
        struct kvm_lpage_info *linfo;
        int i;

        slot = gfn_to_memslot(kvm, gfn);
        for (i = PT_DIRECTORY_LEVEL;
             i < PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL + KVM_NR_PAGE_SIZES; ++i) {
                linfo = lpage_info_slot(gfn, slot, i);
                linfo->write_count -= 1;
                WARN_ON(linfo->write_count < 0);
        }
        kvm->arch.indirect_shadow_pages--;
}

static int has_wrprotected_page(struct kvm *kvm,
                                gfn_t gfn,
                                int level)
{
        struct kvm_memory_slot *slot;
        struct kvm_lpage_info *linfo;

        slot = gfn_to_memslot(kvm, gfn);
        if (slot) {
                linfo = lpage_info_slot(gfn, slot, level);
                return linfo->write_count;
        }

        return 1;
}

static int host_mapping_level(struct kvm *kvm, gfn_t gfn)
{
        unsigned long page_size;
        int i, ret = 0;

        page_size = kvm_host_page_size(kvm, gfn);

        for (i = PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL;
             i < (PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL + KVM_NR_PAGE_SIZES); ++i) {
                if (page_size >= KVM_HPAGE_SIZE(i))
                        ret = i;
                else
                        break;
        }

        return ret;
}

static struct kvm_memory_slot *
gfn_to_memslot_dirty_bitmap(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t gfn,
                            bool no_dirty_log)
{
        struct kvm_memory_slot *slot;

        slot = gfn_to_memslot(vcpu->kvm, gfn);
        if (!slot || slot->flags & KVM_MEMSLOT_INVALID ||
              (no_dirty_log && slot->dirty_bitmap))
                slot = NULL;

        return slot;
}

static bool mapping_level_dirty_bitmap(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t large_gfn)
{
        return !gfn_to_memslot_dirty_bitmap(vcpu, large_gfn, true);
}

static int mapping_level(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t large_gfn)
{
        int host_level, level, max_level;

        host_level = host_mapping_level(vcpu->kvm, large_gfn);

        if (host_level == PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL)
                return host_level;

        max_level = kvm_x86_ops->get_lpage_level() < host_level ?
                kvm_x86_ops->get_lpage_level() : host_level;

        for (level = PT_DIRECTORY_LEVEL; level <= max_level; ++level)
                if (has_wrprotected_page(vcpu->kvm, large_gfn, level))
                        break;

        return level - 1;
}

/*
 * Pte mapping structures:
 *
 * If pte_list bit zero is zero, then pte_list point to the spte.
 *
 * If pte_list bit zero is one, (then pte_list & ~1) points to a struct
 * pte_list_desc containing more mappings.
 *
 * Returns the number of pte entries before the spte was added or zero if
 * the spte was not added.
 *
 */
static int pte_list_add(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 *spte,
                        unsigned long *pte_list)
{
        struct pte_list_desc *desc;
        int i, count = 0;

        if (!*pte_list) {
                rmap_printk("pte_list_add: %p %llx 0->1\n", spte, *spte);
                *pte_list = (unsigned long)spte;
        } else if (!(*pte_list & 1)) {
                rmap_printk("pte_list_add: %p %llx 1->many\n", spte, *spte);
                desc = mmu_alloc_pte_list_desc(vcpu);
                desc->sptes[0] = (u64 *)*pte_list;
                desc->sptes[1] = spte;
                *pte_list = (unsigned long)desc | 1;
                ++count;
        } else {
                rmap_printk("pte_list_add: %p %llx many->many\n", spte, *spte);
                desc = (struct pte_list_desc *)(*pte_list & ~1ul);
                while (desc->sptes[PTE_LIST_EXT-1] && desc->more) {
                        desc = desc->more;
                        count += PTE_LIST_EXT;
                }
                if (desc->sptes[PTE_LIST_EXT-1]) {
                        desc->more = mmu_alloc_pte_list_desc(vcpu);
                        desc = desc->more;
                }
                for (i = 0; desc->sptes[i]; ++i)
                        ++count;
                desc->sptes[i] = spte;
        }
        return count;
}

static u64 *pte_list_next(unsigned long *pte_list, u64 *spte)
{
        struct pte_list_desc *desc;
        u64 *prev_spte;
        int i;

        if (!*pte_list)
                return NULL;
        else if (!(*pte_list & 1)) {
                if (!spte)
                        return (u64 *)*pte_list;
                return NULL;
        }
        desc = (struct pte_list_desc *)(*pte_list & ~1ul);
        prev_spte = NULL;
        while (desc) {
                for (i = 0; i < PTE_LIST_EXT && desc->sptes[i]; ++i) {
                        if (prev_spte == spte)
                                return desc->sptes[i];
                        prev_spte = desc->sptes[i];
                }
                desc = desc->more;
        }
        return NULL;
}

static void
pte_list_desc_remove_entry(unsigned long *pte_list, struct pte_list_desc *desc,
                           int i, struct pte_list_desc *prev_desc)
{
        int j;

        for (j = PTE_LIST_EXT - 1; !desc->sptes[j] && j > i; --j)
                ;
        desc->sptes[i] = desc->sptes[j];
        desc->sptes[j] = NULL;
        if (j != 0)
                return;
        if (!prev_desc && !desc->more)
                *pte_list = (unsigned long)desc->sptes[0];
        else
                if (prev_desc)
                        prev_desc->more = desc->more;
                else
                        *pte_list = (unsigned long)desc->more | 1;
        mmu_free_pte_list_desc(desc);
}

static void pte_list_remove(u64 *spte, unsigned long *pte_list)
{
        struct pte_list_desc *desc;
        struct pte_list_desc *prev_desc;
        int i;

        if (!*pte_list) {
                printk(KERN_ERR "pte_list_remove: %p 0->BUG\n", spte);
                BUG();
        } else if (!(*pte_list & 1)) {
                rmap_printk("pte_list_remove:  %p 1->0\n", spte);
                if ((u64 *)*pte_list != spte) {
                        printk(KERN_ERR "pte_list_remove:  %p 1->BUG\n", spte);
                        BUG();
                }
                *pte_list = 0;
        } else {
                rmap_printk("pte_list_remove:  %p many->many\n", spte);
                desc = (struct pte_list_desc *)(*pte_list & ~1ul);
                prev_desc = NULL;
                while (desc) {
                        for (i = 0; i < PTE_LIST_EXT && desc->sptes[i]; ++i)
                                if (desc->sptes[i] == spte) {
                                        pte_list_desc_remove_entry(pte_list,
                                                               desc, i,
                                                               prev_desc);
                                        return;
                                }
                        prev_desc = desc;
                        desc = desc->more;
                }
                pr_err("pte_list_remove: %p many->many\n", spte);
                BUG();
        }
}

typedef void (*pte_list_walk_fn) (u64 *spte);
static void pte_list_walk(unsigned long *pte_list, pte_list_walk_fn fn)
{
        struct pte_list_desc *desc;
        int i;

        if (!*pte_list)
                return;

        if (!(*pte_list & 1))
                return fn((u64 *)*pte_list);

        desc = (struct pte_list_desc *)(*pte_list & ~1ul);
        while (desc) {
                for (i = 0; i < PTE_LIST_EXT && desc->sptes[i]; ++i)
                        fn(desc->sptes[i]);
                desc = desc->more;
        }
}

/*
 * Take gfn and return the reverse mapping to it.
 */
static unsigned long *gfn_to_rmap(struct kvm *kvm, gfn_t gfn, int level)
{
        struct kvm_memory_slot *slot;
        struct kvm_lpage_info *linfo;

        slot = gfn_to_memslot(kvm, gfn);
        if (likely(level == PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL))
                return &slot->rmap[gfn - slot->base_gfn];

        linfo = lpage_info_slot(gfn, slot, level);

        return &linfo->rmap_pde;
}

static int rmap_add(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 *spte, gfn_t gfn)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        unsigned long *rmapp;

        sp = page_header(__pa(spte));
        kvm_mmu_page_set_gfn(sp, spte - sp->spt, gfn);
        rmapp = gfn_to_rmap(vcpu->kvm, gfn, sp->role.level);
        return pte_list_add(vcpu, spte, rmapp);
}

static u64 *rmap_next(struct kvm *kvm, unsigned long *rmapp, u64 *spte)
{
        return pte_list_next(rmapp, spte);
}

static void rmap_remove(struct kvm *kvm, u64 *spte)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        gfn_t gfn;
        unsigned long *rmapp;

        sp = page_header(__pa(spte));
        gfn = kvm_mmu_page_get_gfn(sp, spte - sp->spt);
        rmapp = gfn_to_rmap(kvm, gfn, sp->role.level);
        pte_list_remove(spte, rmapp);
}

static void drop_spte(struct kvm *kvm, u64 *sptep)
{
        if (mmu_spte_clear_track_bits(sptep))
                rmap_remove(kvm, sptep);
}

static int rmap_write_protect(struct kvm *kvm, u64 gfn)
{
        unsigned long *rmapp;
        u64 *spte;
        int i, write_protected = 0;

        rmapp = gfn_to_rmap(kvm, gfn, PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL);

        spte = rmap_next(kvm, rmapp, NULL);
        while (spte) {
                BUG_ON(!spte);
                BUG_ON(!(*spte & PT_PRESENT_MASK));
                rmap_printk("rmap_write_protect: spte %p %llx\n", spte, *spte);
                if (is_writable_pte(*spte)) {
                        mmu_spte_update(spte, *spte & ~PT_WRITABLE_MASK);
                        write_protected = 1;
                }
                spte = rmap_next(kvm, rmapp, spte);
        }

        /* check for huge page mappings */
        for (i = PT_DIRECTORY_LEVEL;
             i < PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL + KVM_NR_PAGE_SIZES; ++i) {
                rmapp = gfn_to_rmap(kvm, gfn, i);
                spte = rmap_next(kvm, rmapp, NULL);
                while (spte) {
                        BUG_ON(!spte);
                        BUG_ON(!(*spte & PT_PRESENT_MASK));
                        BUG_ON((*spte & (PT_PAGE_SIZE_MASK|PT_PRESENT_MASK)) != (PT_PAGE_SIZE_MASK|PT_PRESENT_MASK));
                        pgprintk("rmap_write_protect(large): spte %p %llx %lld\n", spte, *spte, gfn);
                        if (is_writable_pte(*spte)) {
                                drop_spte(kvm, spte);
                                --kvm->stat.lpages;
                                spte = NULL;
                                write_protected = 1;
                        }
                        spte = rmap_next(kvm, rmapp, spte);
                }
        }

        return write_protected;
}

static int kvm_unmap_rmapp(struct kvm *kvm, unsigned long *rmapp,
                           unsigned long data)
{
        u64 *spte;
        int need_tlb_flush = 0;

        while ((spte = rmap_next(kvm, rmapp, NULL))) {
                BUG_ON(!(*spte & PT_PRESENT_MASK));
                rmap_printk("kvm_rmap_unmap_hva: spte %p %llx\n", spte, *spte);
                drop_spte(kvm, spte);
                need_tlb_flush = 1;
        }
        return need_tlb_flush;
}

static int kvm_set_pte_rmapp(struct kvm *kvm, unsigned long *rmapp,
                             unsigned long data)
{
        int need_flush = 0;
        u64 *spte, new_spte;
        pte_t *ptep = (pte_t *)data;
        pfn_t new_pfn;

        WARN_ON(pte_huge(*ptep));
        new_pfn = pte_pfn(*ptep);
        spte = rmap_next(kvm, rmapp, NULL);
        while (spte) {
                BUG_ON(!is_shadow_present_pte(*spte));
                rmap_printk("kvm_set_pte_rmapp: spte %p %llx\n", spte, *spte);
                need_flush = 1;
                if (pte_write(*ptep)) {
                        drop_spte(kvm, spte);
                        spte = rmap_next(kvm, rmapp, NULL);
                } else {
                        new_spte = *spte &~ (PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK);
                        new_spte |= (u64)new_pfn << PAGE_SHIFT;

                        new_spte &= ~PT_WRITABLE_MASK;
                        new_spte &= ~SPTE_HOST_WRITEABLE;
                        new_spte &= ~shadow_accessed_mask;
                        mmu_spte_clear_track_bits(spte);
                        mmu_spte_set(spte, new_spte);
                        spte = rmap_next(kvm, rmapp, spte);
                }
        }
        if (need_flush)
                kvm_flush_remote_tlbs(kvm);

        return 0;
}

static int kvm_handle_hva(struct kvm *kvm, unsigned long hva,
                          unsigned long data,
                          int (*handler)(struct kvm *kvm, unsigned long *rmapp,
                                         unsigned long data))
{
        int i, j;
        int ret;
        int retval = 0;
        struct kvm_memslots *slots;

        slots = kvm_memslots(kvm);

        for (i = 0; i < slots->nmemslots; i++) {
                struct kvm_memory_slot *memslot = &slots->memslots[i];
                unsigned long start = memslot->userspace_addr;
                unsigned long end;

                end = start + (memslot->npages << PAGE_SHIFT);
                if (hva >= start && hva < end) {
                        gfn_t gfn_offset = (hva - start) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
                        gfn_t gfn = memslot->base_gfn + gfn_offset;

                        ret = handler(kvm, &memslot->rmap[gfn_offset], data);

                        for (j = 0; j < KVM_NR_PAGE_SIZES - 1; ++j) {
                                struct kvm_lpage_info *linfo;

                                linfo = lpage_info_slot(gfn, memslot,
                                                        PT_DIRECTORY_LEVEL + j);
                                ret |= handler(kvm, &linfo->rmap_pde, data);
                        }
                        trace_kvm_age_page(hva, memslot, ret);
                        retval |= ret;
                }
        }

        return retval;
}

int kvm_unmap_hva(struct kvm *kvm, unsigned long hva)
{
        return kvm_handle_hva(kvm, hva, 0, kvm_unmap_rmapp);
}

void kvm_set_spte_hva(struct kvm *kvm, unsigned long hva, pte_t pte)
{
        kvm_handle_hva(kvm, hva, (unsigned long)&pte, kvm_set_pte_rmapp);
}

static int kvm_age_rmapp(struct kvm *kvm, unsigned long *rmapp,
                         unsigned long data)
{
        u64 *spte;
        int young = 0;

        /*
         * Emulate the accessed bit for EPT, by checking if this page has
         * an EPT mapping, and clearing it if it does. On the next access,
         * a new EPT mapping will be established.
         * This has some overhead, but not as much as the cost of swapping
         * out actively used pages or breaking up actively used hugepages.
         */
        if (!shadow_accessed_mask)
                return kvm_unmap_rmapp(kvm, rmapp, data);

        spte = rmap_next(kvm, rmapp, NULL);
        while (spte) {
                int _young;
                u64 _spte = *spte;
                BUG_ON(!(_spte & PT_PRESENT_MASK));
                _young = _spte & PT_ACCESSED_MASK;
                if (_young) {
                        young = 1;
                        clear_bit(PT_ACCESSED_SHIFT, (unsigned long *)spte);
                }
                spte = rmap_next(kvm, rmapp, spte);
        }
        return young;
}

static int kvm_test_age_rmapp(struct kvm *kvm, unsigned long *rmapp,
                              unsigned long data)
{
        u64 *spte;
        int young = 0;

        /*
         * If there's no access bit in the secondary pte set by the
         * hardware it's up to gup-fast/gup to set the access bit in
         * the primary pte or in the page structure.
         */
        if (!shadow_accessed_mask)
                goto out;

        spte = rmap_next(kvm, rmapp, NULL);
        while (spte) {
                u64 _spte = *spte;
                BUG_ON(!(_spte & PT_PRESENT_MASK));
                young = _spte & PT_ACCESSED_MASK;
                if (young) {
                        young = 1;
                        break;
                }
                spte = rmap_next(kvm, rmapp, spte);
        }
out:
        return young;
}

#define RMAP_RECYCLE_THRESHOLD 1000

static void rmap_recycle(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 *spte, gfn_t gfn)
{
        unsigned long *rmapp;
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;

        sp = page_header(__pa(spte));

        rmapp = gfn_to_rmap(vcpu->kvm, gfn, sp->role.level);

        kvm_unmap_rmapp(vcpu->kvm, rmapp, 0);
        kvm_flush_remote_tlbs(vcpu->kvm);
}

int kvm_age_hva(struct kvm *kvm, unsigned long hva)
{
        return kvm_handle_hva(kvm, hva, 0, kvm_age_rmapp);
}

int kvm_test_age_hva(struct kvm *kvm, unsigned long hva)
{
        return kvm_handle_hva(kvm, hva, 0, kvm_test_age_rmapp);
}

#ifdef MMU_DEBUG
static int is_empty_shadow_page(u64 *spt)
{
        u64 *pos;
        u64 *end;

        for (pos = spt, end = pos + PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(u64); pos != end; pos++)
                if (is_shadow_present_pte(*pos)) {
                        printk(KERN_ERR "%s: %p %llx\n", __func__,
                               pos, *pos);
                        return 0;
                }
        return 1;
}
#endif

/*
 * This value is the sum of all of the kvm instances's
 * kvm->arch.n_used_mmu_pages values.  We need a global,
 * aggregate version in order to make the slab shrinker
 * faster
 */
static inline void kvm_mod_used_mmu_pages(struct kvm *kvm, int nr)
{
        kvm->arch.n_used_mmu_pages += nr;
        percpu_counter_add(&kvm_total_used_mmu_pages, nr);
}

/*
 * Remove the sp from shadow page cache, after call it,
 * we can not find this sp from the cache, and the shadow
 * page table is still valid.
 * It should be under the protection of mmu lock.
 */
static void kvm_mmu_isolate_page(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        ASSERT(is_empty_shadow_page(sp->spt));
        hlist_del(&sp->hash_link);
        if (!sp->role.direct)
                free_page((unsigned long)sp->gfns);
}

/*
 * Free the shadow page table and the sp, we can do it
 * out of the protection of mmu lock.
 */
static void kvm_mmu_free_page(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        list_del(&sp->link);
        free_page((unsigned long)sp->spt);
        kmem_cache_free(mmu_page_header_cache, sp);
}

static unsigned kvm_page_table_hashfn(gfn_t gfn)
{
        return gfn & ((1 << KVM_MMU_HASH_SHIFT) - 1);
}

static void mmu_page_add_parent_pte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                    struct kvm_mmu_page *sp, u64 *parent_pte)
{
        if (!parent_pte)
                return;

        pte_list_add(vcpu, parent_pte, &sp->parent_ptes);
}

static void mmu_page_remove_parent_pte(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                                       u64 *parent_pte)
{
        pte_list_remove(parent_pte, &sp->parent_ptes);
}

static void drop_parent_pte(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                            u64 *parent_pte)
{
        mmu_page_remove_parent_pte(sp, parent_pte);
        mmu_spte_clear_no_track(parent_pte);
}

static struct kvm_mmu_page *kvm_mmu_alloc_page(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                               u64 *parent_pte, int direct)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        sp = mmu_memory_cache_alloc(&vcpu->arch.mmu_page_header_cache,
                                        sizeof *sp);
        sp->spt = mmu_memory_cache_alloc(&vcpu->arch.mmu_page_cache, PAGE_SIZE);
        if (!direct)
                sp->gfns = mmu_memory_cache_alloc(&vcpu->arch.mmu_page_cache,
                                                  PAGE_SIZE);
        set_page_private(virt_to_page(sp->spt), (unsigned long)sp);
        list_add(&sp->link, &vcpu->kvm->arch.active_mmu_pages);
        bitmap_zero(sp->slot_bitmap, KVM_MEMORY_SLOTS + KVM_PRIVATE_MEM_SLOTS);
        sp->parent_ptes = 0;
        mmu_page_add_parent_pte(vcpu, sp, parent_pte);
        kvm_mod_used_mmu_pages(vcpu->kvm, +1);
        return sp;
}

static void mark_unsync(u64 *spte);
static void kvm_mmu_mark_parents_unsync(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        pte_list_walk(&sp->parent_ptes, mark_unsync);
}

static void mark_unsync(u64 *spte)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        unsigned int index;

        sp = page_header(__pa(spte));
        index = spte - sp->spt;
        if (__test_and_set_bit(index, sp->unsync_child_bitmap))
                return;
        if (sp->unsync_children++)
                return;
        kvm_mmu_mark_parents_unsync(sp);
}

static int nonpaging_sync_page(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                               struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        return 1;
}

static void nonpaging_invlpg(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gva_t gva)
{
}

static void nonpaging_update_pte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                 struct kvm_mmu_page *sp, u64 *spte,
                                 const void *pte)
{
        WARN_ON(1);
}

#define KVM_PAGE_ARRAY_NR 16

struct kvm_mmu_pages {
        struct mmu_page_and_offset {
                struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
                unsigned int idx;
        } page[KVM_PAGE_ARRAY_NR];
        unsigned int nr;
};

#define for_each_unsync_children(bitmap, idx)           \
        for (idx = find_first_bit(bitmap, 512);         \
             idx < 512;                                 \
             idx = find_next_bit(bitmap, 512, idx+1))

static int mmu_pages_add(struct kvm_mmu_pages *pvec, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                         int idx)
{
        int i;

        if (sp->unsync)
                for (i=0; i < pvec->nr; i++)
                        if (pvec->page[i].sp == sp)
                                return 0;

        pvec->page[pvec->nr].sp = sp;
        pvec->page[pvec->nr].idx = idx;
        pvec->nr++;
        return (pvec->nr == KVM_PAGE_ARRAY_NR);
}

static int __mmu_unsync_walk(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                           struct kvm_mmu_pages *pvec)
{
        int i, ret, nr_unsync_leaf = 0;

        for_each_unsync_children(sp->unsync_child_bitmap, i) {
                struct kvm_mmu_page *child;
                u64 ent = sp->spt[i];

                if (!is_shadow_present_pte(ent) || is_large_pte(ent))
                        goto clear_child_bitmap;

                child = page_header(ent & PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK);

                if (child->unsync_children) {
                        if (mmu_pages_add(pvec, child, i))
                                return -ENOSPC;

                        ret = __mmu_unsync_walk(child, pvec);
                        if (!ret)
                                goto clear_child_bitmap;
                        else if (ret > 0)
                                nr_unsync_leaf += ret;
                        else
                                return ret;
                } else if (child->unsync) {
                        nr_unsync_leaf++;
                        if (mmu_pages_add(pvec, child, i))
                                return -ENOSPC;
                } else
                         goto clear_child_bitmap;

                continue;

clear_child_bitmap:
                __clear_bit(i, sp->unsync_child_bitmap);
                sp->unsync_children--;
                WARN_ON((int)sp->unsync_children < 0);
        }


        return nr_unsync_leaf;
}

static int mmu_unsync_walk(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                           struct kvm_mmu_pages *pvec)
{
        if (!sp->unsync_children)
                return 0;

        mmu_pages_add(pvec, sp, 0);
        return __mmu_unsync_walk(sp, pvec);
}

static void kvm_unlink_unsync_page(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        WARN_ON(!sp->unsync);
        trace_kvm_mmu_sync_page(sp);
        sp->unsync = 0;
        --kvm->stat.mmu_unsync;
}

static int kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                                    struct list_head *invalid_list);
static void kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(struct kvm *kvm,
                                    struct list_head *invalid_list);

#define for_each_gfn_sp(kvm, sp, gfn, pos)                              \
  hlist_for_each_entry(sp, pos,                                         \
   &(kvm)->arch.mmu_page_hash[kvm_page_table_hashfn(gfn)], hash_link)   \
        if ((sp)->gfn != (gfn)) {} else

#define for_each_gfn_indirect_valid_sp(kvm, sp, gfn, pos)               \
  hlist_for_each_entry(sp, pos,                                         \
   &(kvm)->arch.mmu_page_hash[kvm_page_table_hashfn(gfn)], hash_link)   \
                if ((sp)->gfn != (gfn) || (sp)->role.direct ||          \
                        (sp)->role.invalid) {} else

/* @sp->gfn should be write-protected at the call site */
static int __kvm_sync_page(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                           struct list_head *invalid_list, bool clear_unsync)
{
        if (sp->role.cr4_pae != !!is_pae(vcpu)) {
                kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(vcpu->kvm, sp, invalid_list);
                return 1;
        }

        if (clear_unsync)
                kvm_unlink_unsync_page(vcpu->kvm, sp);

        if (vcpu->arch.mmu.sync_page(vcpu, sp)) {
                kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(vcpu->kvm, sp, invalid_list);
                return 1;
        }

        kvm_mmu_flush_tlb(vcpu);
        return 0;
}

static int kvm_sync_page_transient(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                   struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        LIST_HEAD(invalid_list);
        int ret;

        ret = __kvm_sync_page(vcpu, sp, &invalid_list, false);
        if (ret)
                kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(vcpu->kvm, &invalid_list);

        return ret;
}

static int kvm_sync_page(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                         struct list_head *invalid_list)
{
        return __kvm_sync_page(vcpu, sp, invalid_list, true);
}

/* @gfn should be write-protected at the call site */
static void kvm_sync_pages(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,  gfn_t gfn)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *s;
        struct hlist_node *node;
        LIST_HEAD(invalid_list);
        bool flush = false;

        for_each_gfn_indirect_valid_sp(vcpu->kvm, s, gfn, node) {
                if (!s->unsync)
                        continue;

                WARN_ON(s->role.level != PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL);
                kvm_unlink_unsync_page(vcpu->kvm, s);
                if ((s->role.cr4_pae != !!is_pae(vcpu)) ||
                        (vcpu->arch.mmu.sync_page(vcpu, s))) {
                        kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(vcpu->kvm, s, &invalid_list);
                        continue;
                }
                flush = true;
        }

        kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(vcpu->kvm, &invalid_list);
        if (flush)
                kvm_mmu_flush_tlb(vcpu);
}

struct mmu_page_path {
        struct kvm_mmu_page *parent[PT64_ROOT_LEVEL-1];
        unsigned int idx[PT64_ROOT_LEVEL-1];
};

#define for_each_sp(pvec, sp, parents, i)                       \
                for (i = mmu_pages_next(&pvec, &parents, -1),   \
                        sp = pvec.page[i].sp;                   \
                        i < pvec.nr && ({ sp = pvec.page[i].sp; 1;});   \
                        i = mmu_pages_next(&pvec, &parents, i))

static int mmu_pages_next(struct kvm_mmu_pages *pvec,
                          struct mmu_page_path *parents,
                          int i)
{
        int n;

        for (n = i+1; n < pvec->nr; n++) {
                struct kvm_mmu_page *sp = pvec->page[n].sp;

                if (sp->role.level == PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL) {
                        parents->idx[0] = pvec->page[n].idx;
                        return n;
                }

                parents->parent[sp->role.level-2] = sp;
                parents->idx[sp->role.level-1] = pvec->page[n].idx;
        }

        return n;
}

static void mmu_pages_clear_parents(struct mmu_page_path *parents)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        unsigned int level = 0;

        do {
                unsigned int idx = parents->idx[level];

                sp = parents->parent[level];
                if (!sp)
                        return;

                --sp->unsync_children;
                WARN_ON((int)sp->unsync_children < 0);
                __clear_bit(idx, sp->unsync_child_bitmap);
                level++;
        } while (level < PT64_ROOT_LEVEL-1 && !sp->unsync_children);
}

static void kvm_mmu_pages_init(struct kvm_mmu_page *parent,
                               struct mmu_page_path *parents,
                               struct kvm_mmu_pages *pvec)
{
        parents->parent[parent->role.level-1] = NULL;
        pvec->nr = 0;
}

static void mmu_sync_children(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                              struct kvm_mmu_page *parent)
{
        int i;
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        struct mmu_page_path parents;
        struct kvm_mmu_pages pages;
        LIST_HEAD(invalid_list);

        kvm_mmu_pages_init(parent, &parents, &pages);
        while (mmu_unsync_walk(parent, &pages)) {
                int protected = 0;

                for_each_sp(pages, sp, parents, i)
                        protected |= rmap_write_protect(vcpu->kvm, sp->gfn);

                if (protected)
                        kvm_flush_remote_tlbs(vcpu->kvm);

                for_each_sp(pages, sp, parents, i) {
                        kvm_sync_page(vcpu, sp, &invalid_list);
                        mmu_pages_clear_parents(&parents);
                }
                kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(vcpu->kvm, &invalid_list);
                cond_resched_lock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
                kvm_mmu_pages_init(parent, &parents, &pages);
        }
}

static void init_shadow_page_table(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        int i;

        for (i = 0; i < PT64_ENT_PER_PAGE; ++i)
                sp->spt[i] = 0ull;
}

static struct kvm_mmu_page *kvm_mmu_get_page(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                             gfn_t gfn,
                                             gva_t gaddr,
                                             unsigned level,
                                             int direct,
                                             unsigned access,
                                             u64 *parent_pte)
{
        union kvm_mmu_page_role role;
        unsigned quadrant;
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        struct hlist_node *node;
        bool need_sync = false;

        role = vcpu->arch.mmu.base_role;
        role.level = level;
        role.direct = direct;
        if (role.direct)
                role.cr4_pae = 0;
        role.access = access;
        if (!vcpu->arch.mmu.direct_map
            && vcpu->arch.mmu.root_level <= PT32_ROOT_LEVEL) {
                quadrant = gaddr >> (PAGE_SHIFT + (PT64_PT_BITS * level));
                quadrant &= (1 << ((PT32_PT_BITS - PT64_PT_BITS) * level)) - 1;
                role.quadrant = quadrant;
        }
        for_each_gfn_sp(vcpu->kvm, sp, gfn, node) {
                if (!need_sync && sp->unsync)
                        need_sync = true;

                if (sp->role.word != role.word)
                        continue;

                if (sp->unsync && kvm_sync_page_transient(vcpu, sp))
                        break;

                mmu_page_add_parent_pte(vcpu, sp, parent_pte);
                if (sp->unsync_children) {
                        kvm_make_request(KVM_REQ_MMU_SYNC, vcpu);
                        kvm_mmu_mark_parents_unsync(sp);
                } else if (sp->unsync)
                        kvm_mmu_mark_parents_unsync(sp);

                trace_kvm_mmu_get_page(sp, false);
                return sp;
        }
        ++vcpu->kvm->stat.mmu_cache_miss;
        sp = kvm_mmu_alloc_page(vcpu, parent_pte, direct);
        if (!sp)
                return sp;
        sp->gfn = gfn;
        sp->role = role;
        hlist_add_head(&sp->hash_link,
                &vcpu->kvm->arch.mmu_page_hash[kvm_page_table_hashfn(gfn)]);
        if (!direct) {
                if (rmap_write_protect(vcpu->kvm, gfn))
                        kvm_flush_remote_tlbs(vcpu->kvm);
                if (level > PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL && need_sync)
                        kvm_sync_pages(vcpu, gfn);

                account_shadowed(vcpu->kvm, gfn);
        }
        init_shadow_page_table(sp);
        trace_kvm_mmu_get_page(sp, true);
        return sp;
}

static void shadow_walk_init(struct kvm_shadow_walk_iterator *iterator,
                             struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 addr)
{
        iterator->addr = addr;
        iterator->shadow_addr = vcpu->arch.mmu.root_hpa;
        iterator->level = vcpu->arch.mmu.shadow_root_level;

        if (iterator->level == PT64_ROOT_LEVEL &&
            vcpu->arch.mmu.root_level < PT64_ROOT_LEVEL &&
            !vcpu->arch.mmu.direct_map)
                --iterator->level;

        if (iterator->level == PT32E_ROOT_LEVEL) {
                iterator->shadow_addr
                        = vcpu->arch.mmu.pae_root[(addr >> 30) & 3];
                iterator->shadow_addr &= PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK;
                --iterator->level;
                if (!iterator->shadow_addr)
                        iterator->level = 0;
        }
}

static bool shadow_walk_okay(struct kvm_shadow_walk_iterator *iterator)
{
        if (iterator->level < PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL)
                return false;

        iterator->index = SHADOW_PT_INDEX(iterator->addr, iterator->level);
        iterator->sptep = ((u64 *)__va(iterator->shadow_addr)) + iterator->index;
        return true;
}

static void __shadow_walk_next(struct kvm_shadow_walk_iterator *iterator,
                               u64 spte)
{
        if (is_last_spte(spte, iterator->level)) {
                iterator->level = 0;
                return;
        }

        iterator->shadow_addr = spte & PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK;
        --iterator->level;
}

static void shadow_walk_next(struct kvm_shadow_walk_iterator *iterator)
{
        return __shadow_walk_next(iterator, *iterator->sptep);
}

static void link_shadow_page(u64 *sptep, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        u64 spte;

        spte = __pa(sp->spt)
                | PT_PRESENT_MASK | PT_ACCESSED_MASK
                | PT_WRITABLE_MASK | PT_USER_MASK;
        mmu_spte_set(sptep, spte);
}

static void drop_large_spte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 *sptep)
{
        if (is_large_pte(*sptep)) {
                drop_spte(vcpu->kvm, sptep);
                kvm_flush_remote_tlbs(vcpu->kvm);
        }
}

static void validate_direct_spte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 *sptep,
                                   unsigned direct_access)
{
        if (is_shadow_present_pte(*sptep) && !is_large_pte(*sptep)) {
                struct kvm_mmu_page *child;

                /*
                 * For the direct sp, if the guest pte's dirty bit
                 * changed form clean to dirty, it will corrupt the
                 * sp's access: allow writable in the read-only sp,
                 * so we should update the spte at this point to get
                 * a new sp with the correct access.
                 */
                child = page_header(*sptep & PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK);
                if (child->role.access == direct_access)
                        return;

                drop_parent_pte(child, sptep);
                kvm_flush_remote_tlbs(vcpu->kvm);
        }
}

static void mmu_page_zap_pte(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                             u64 *spte)
{
        u64 pte;
        struct kvm_mmu_page *child;

        pte = *spte;
        if (is_shadow_present_pte(pte)) {
                if (is_last_spte(pte, sp->role.level))
                        drop_spte(kvm, spte);
                else {
                        child = page_header(pte & PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK);
                        drop_parent_pte(child, spte);
                }
        } else if (is_mmio_spte(pte))
                mmu_spte_clear_no_track(spte);

        if (is_large_pte(pte))
                --kvm->stat.lpages;
}

static void kvm_mmu_page_unlink_children(struct kvm *kvm,
                                         struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        unsigned i;

        for (i = 0; i < PT64_ENT_PER_PAGE; ++i)
                mmu_page_zap_pte(kvm, sp, sp->spt + i);
}

static void kvm_mmu_put_page(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp, u64 *parent_pte)
{
        mmu_page_remove_parent_pte(sp, parent_pte);
}

static void kvm_mmu_reset_last_pte_updated(struct kvm *kvm)
{
        int i;
        struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu;

        kvm_for_each_vcpu(i, vcpu, kvm)
                vcpu->arch.last_pte_updated = NULL;
}

static void kvm_mmu_unlink_parents(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        u64 *parent_pte;

        while ((parent_pte = pte_list_next(&sp->parent_ptes, NULL)))
                drop_parent_pte(sp, parent_pte);
}

static int mmu_zap_unsync_children(struct kvm *kvm,
                                   struct kvm_mmu_page *parent,
                                   struct list_head *invalid_list)
{
        int i, zapped = 0;
        struct mmu_page_path parents;
        struct kvm_mmu_pages pages;

        if (parent->role.level == PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL)
                return 0;

        kvm_mmu_pages_init(parent, &parents, &pages);
        while (mmu_unsync_walk(parent, &pages)) {
                struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;

                for_each_sp(pages, sp, parents, i) {
                        kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(kvm, sp, invalid_list);
                        mmu_pages_clear_parents(&parents);
                        zapped++;
                }
                kvm_mmu_pages_init(parent, &parents, &pages);
        }

        return zapped;
}

static int kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                                    struct list_head *invalid_list)
{
        int ret;

        trace_kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(sp);
        ++kvm->stat.mmu_shadow_zapped;
        ret = mmu_zap_unsync_children(kvm, sp, invalid_list);
        kvm_mmu_page_unlink_children(kvm, sp);
        kvm_mmu_unlink_parents(kvm, sp);
        if (!sp->role.invalid && !sp->role.direct)
                unaccount_shadowed(kvm, sp->gfn);
        if (sp->unsync)
                kvm_unlink_unsync_page(kvm, sp);
        if (!sp->root_count) {
                /* Count self */
                ret++;
                list_move(&sp->link, invalid_list);
                kvm_mod_used_mmu_pages(kvm, -1);
        } else {
                list_move(&sp->link, &kvm->arch.active_mmu_pages);
                kvm_reload_remote_mmus(kvm);
        }

        sp->role.invalid = 1;
        kvm_mmu_reset_last_pte_updated(kvm);
        return ret;
}

static void kvm_mmu_isolate_pages(struct list_head *invalid_list)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;

        list_for_each_entry(sp, invalid_list, link)
                kvm_mmu_isolate_page(sp);
}

static void free_pages_rcu(struct rcu_head *head)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *next, *sp;

        sp = container_of(head, struct kvm_mmu_page, rcu);
        while (sp) {
                if (!list_empty(&sp->link))
                        next = list_first_entry(&sp->link,
                                      struct kvm_mmu_page, link);
                else
                        next = NULL;
                kvm_mmu_free_page(sp);
                sp = next;
        }
}

static void kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(struct kvm *kvm,
                                    struct list_head *invalid_list)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;

        if (list_empty(invalid_list))
                return;

        kvm_flush_remote_tlbs(kvm);

        if (atomic_read(&kvm->arch.reader_counter)) {
                kvm_mmu_isolate_pages(invalid_list);
                sp = list_first_entry(invalid_list, struct kvm_mmu_page, link);
                list_del_init(invalid_list);

                trace_kvm_mmu_delay_free_pages(sp);
                call_rcu(&sp->rcu, free_pages_rcu);
                return;
        }

        do {
                sp = list_first_entry(invalid_list, struct kvm_mmu_page, link);
                WARN_ON(!sp->role.invalid || sp->root_count);
                kvm_mmu_isolate_page(sp);
                kvm_mmu_free_page(sp);
        } while (!list_empty(invalid_list));

}

/*
 * Changing the number of mmu pages allocated to the vm
 * Note: if goal_nr_mmu_pages is too small, you will get dead lock
 */
void kvm_mmu_change_mmu_pages(struct kvm *kvm, unsigned int goal_nr_mmu_pages)
{
        LIST_HEAD(invalid_list);
        /*
         * If we set the number of mmu pages to be smaller be than the
         * number of actived pages , we must to free some mmu pages before we
         * change the value
         */

        if (kvm->arch.n_used_mmu_pages > goal_nr_mmu_pages) {
                while (kvm->arch.n_used_mmu_pages > goal_nr_mmu_pages &&
                        !list_empty(&kvm->arch.active_mmu_pages)) {
                        struct kvm_mmu_page *page;

                        page = container_of(kvm->arch.active_mmu_pages.prev,
                                            struct kvm_mmu_page, link);
                        kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(kvm, page, &invalid_list);
                }
                kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(kvm, &invalid_list);
                goal_nr_mmu_pages = kvm->arch.n_used_mmu_pages;
        }

        kvm->arch.n_max_mmu_pages = goal_nr_mmu_pages;
}

static int kvm_mmu_unprotect_page(struct kvm *kvm, gfn_t gfn)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        struct hlist_node *node;
        LIST_HEAD(invalid_list);
        int r;

        pgprintk("%s: looking for gfn %llx\n", __func__, gfn);
        r = 0;

        for_each_gfn_indirect_valid_sp(kvm, sp, gfn, node) {
                pgprintk("%s: gfn %llx role %x\n", __func__, gfn,
                         sp->role.word);

                r = 1;
                kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(kvm, sp, &invalid_list);
        }
        kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(kvm, &invalid_list);
        return r;
}

static void mmu_unshadow(struct kvm *kvm, gfn_t gfn)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        struct hlist_node *node;
        LIST_HEAD(invalid_list);

        for_each_gfn_indirect_valid_sp(kvm, sp, gfn, node) {
                pgprintk("%s: zap %llx %x\n",
                         __func__, gfn, sp->role.word);
                kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(kvm, sp, &invalid_list);
        }
        kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(kvm, &invalid_list);
}

static void page_header_update_slot(struct kvm *kvm, void *pte, gfn_t gfn)
{
        int slot = memslot_id(kvm, gfn);
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp = page_header(__pa(pte));

        __set_bit(slot, sp->slot_bitmap);
}

/*
 * The function is based on mtrr_type_lookup() in
 * arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mtrr/generic.c
 */
static int get_mtrr_type(struct mtrr_state_type *mtrr_state,
                         u64 start, u64 end)
{
        int i;
        u64 base, mask;
        u8 prev_match, curr_match;
        int num_var_ranges = KVM_NR_VAR_MTRR;

        if (!mtrr_state->enabled)
                return 0xFF;

        /* Make end inclusive end, instead of exclusive */
        end--;

        /* Look in fixed ranges. Just return the type as per start */
        if (mtrr_state->have_fixed && (start < 0x100000)) {
                int idx;

                if (start < 0x80000) {
                        idx = 0;
                        idx += (start >> 16);
                        return mtrr_state->fixed_ranges[idx];
                } else if (start < 0xC0000) {
                        idx = 1 * 8;
                        idx += ((start - 0x80000) >> 14);
                        return mtrr_state->fixed_ranges[idx];
                } else if (start < 0x1000000) {
                        idx = 3 * 8;
                        idx += ((start - 0xC0000) >> 12);
                        return mtrr_state->fixed_ranges[idx];
                }
        }

        /*
         * Look in variable ranges
         * Look of multiple ranges matching this address and pick type
         * as per MTRR precedence
         */
        if (!(mtrr_state->enabled & 2))
                return mtrr_state->def_type;

        prev_match = 0xFF;
        for (i = 0; i < num_var_ranges; ++i) {
                unsigned short start_state, end_state;

                if (!(mtrr_state->var_ranges[i].mask_lo & (1 << 11)))
                        continue;

                base = (((u64)mtrr_state->var_ranges[i].base_hi) << 32) +
                       (mtrr_state->var_ranges[i].base_lo & PAGE_MASK);
                mask = (((u64)mtrr_state->var_ranges[i].mask_hi) << 32) +
                       (mtrr_state->var_ranges[i].mask_lo & PAGE_MASK);

                start_state = ((start & mask) == (base & mask));
                end_state = ((end & mask) == (base & mask));
                if (start_state != end_state)
                        return 0xFE;

                if ((start & mask) != (base & mask))
                        continue;

                curr_match = mtrr_state->var_ranges[i].base_lo & 0xff;
                if (prev_match == 0xFF) {
                        prev_match = curr_match;
                        continue;
                }

                if (prev_match == MTRR_TYPE_UNCACHABLE ||
                    curr_match == MTRR_TYPE_UNCACHABLE)
                        return MTRR_TYPE_UNCACHABLE;

                if ((prev_match == MTRR_TYPE_WRBACK &&
                     curr_match == MTRR_TYPE_WRTHROUGH) ||
                    (prev_match == MTRR_TYPE_WRTHROUGH &&
                     curr_match == MTRR_TYPE_WRBACK)) {
                        prev_match = MTRR_TYPE_WRTHROUGH;
                        curr_match = MTRR_TYPE_WRTHROUGH;
                }

                if (prev_match != curr_match)
                        return MTRR_TYPE_UNCACHABLE;
        }

        if (prev_match != 0xFF)
                return prev_match;

        return mtrr_state->def_type;
}

u8 kvm_get_guest_memory_type(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t gfn)
{
        u8 mtrr;

        mtrr = get_mtrr_type(&vcpu->arch.mtrr_state, gfn << PAGE_SHIFT,
                             (gfn << PAGE_SHIFT) + PAGE_SIZE);
        if (mtrr == 0xfe || mtrr == 0xff)
                mtrr = MTRR_TYPE_WRBACK;
        return mtrr;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_get_guest_memory_type);

static void __kvm_unsync_page(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        trace_kvm_mmu_unsync_page(sp);
        ++vcpu->kvm->stat.mmu_unsync;
        sp->unsync = 1;

        kvm_mmu_mark_parents_unsync(sp);
}

static void kvm_unsync_pages(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,  gfn_t gfn)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *s;
        struct hlist_node *node;

        for_each_gfn_indirect_valid_sp(vcpu->kvm, s, gfn, node) {
                if (s->unsync)
                        continue;
                WARN_ON(s->role.level != PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL);
                __kvm_unsync_page(vcpu, s);
        }
}

static int mmu_need_write_protect(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t gfn,
                                  bool can_unsync)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *s;
        struct hlist_node *node;
        bool need_unsync = false;

        for_each_gfn_indirect_valid_sp(vcpu->kvm, s, gfn, node) {
                if (!can_unsync)
                        return 1;

                if (s->role.level != PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL)
                        return 1;

                if (!need_unsync && !s->unsync) {
                        if (!oos_shadow)
                                return 1;
                        need_unsync = true;
                }
        }
        if (need_unsync)
                kvm_unsync_pages(vcpu, gfn);
        return 0;
}

static int set_spte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 *sptep,
                    unsigned pte_access, int user_fault,
                    int write_fault, int level,
                    gfn_t gfn, pfn_t pfn, bool speculative,
                    bool can_unsync, bool host_writable)
{
        u64 spte, entry = *sptep;
        int ret = 0;

        if (set_mmio_spte(sptep, gfn, pfn, pte_access))
                return 0;

        /*
         * We don't set the accessed bit, since we sometimes want to see
         * whether the guest actually used the pte (in order to detect
         * demand paging).
         */
        spte = PT_PRESENT_MASK;
        if (!speculative)
                spte |= shadow_accessed_mask;

        if (pte_access & ACC_EXEC_MASK)
                spte |= shadow_x_mask;
        else
                spte |= shadow_nx_mask;
        if (pte_access & ACC_USER_MASK)
                spte |= shadow_user_mask;
        if (level > PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL)
                spte |= PT_PAGE_SIZE_MASK;
        if (tdp_enabled)
                spte |= kvm_x86_ops->get_mt_mask(vcpu, gfn,
                        kvm_is_mmio_pfn(pfn));

        if (host_writable)
                spte |= SPTE_HOST_WRITEABLE;
        else
                pte_access &= ~ACC_WRITE_MASK;

        spte |= (u64)pfn << PAGE_SHIFT;

        if ((pte_access & ACC_WRITE_MASK)
            || (!vcpu->arch.mmu.direct_map && write_fault
                && !is_write_protection(vcpu) && !user_fault)) {

                if (level > PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL &&
                    has_wrprotected_page(vcpu->kvm, gfn, level)) {
                        ret = 1;
                        drop_spte(vcpu->kvm, sptep);
                        goto done;
                }

                spte |= PT_WRITABLE_MASK;

                if (!vcpu->arch.mmu.direct_map
                    && !(pte_access & ACC_WRITE_MASK)) {
                        spte &= ~PT_USER_MASK;
                        /*
                         * If we converted a user page to a kernel page,
                         * so that the kernel can write to it when cr0.wp=0,
                         * then we should prevent the kernel from executing it
                         * if SMEP is enabled.
                         */
                        if (kvm_read_cr4_bits(vcpu, X86_CR4_SMEP))
                                spte |= PT64_NX_MASK;
                }

                /*
                 * Optimization: for pte sync, if spte was writable the hash
                 * lookup is unnecessary (and expensive). Write protection
                 * is responsibility of mmu_get_page / kvm_sync_page.
                 * Same reasoning can be applied to dirty page accounting.
                 */
                if (!can_unsync && is_writable_pte(*sptep))
                        goto set_pte;

                if (mmu_need_write_protect(vcpu, gfn, can_unsync)) {
                        pgprintk("%s: found shadow page for %llx, marking ro\n",
                                 __func__, gfn);
                        ret = 1;
                        pte_access &= ~ACC_WRITE_MASK;
                        if (is_writable_pte(spte))
                                spte &= ~PT_WRITABLE_MASK;
                }
        }

        if (pte_access & ACC_WRITE_MASK)
                mark_page_dirty(vcpu->kvm, gfn);

set_pte:
        mmu_spte_update(sptep, spte);
        /*
         * If we overwrite a writable spte with a read-only one we
         * should flush remote TLBs. Otherwise rmap_write_protect
         * will find a read-only spte, even though the writable spte
         * might be cached on a CPU's TLB.
         */
        if (is_writable_pte(entry) && !is_writable_pte(*sptep))
                kvm_flush_remote_tlbs(vcpu->kvm);
done:
        return ret;
}

static void mmu_set_spte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 *sptep,
                         unsigned pt_access, unsigned pte_access,
                         int user_fault, int write_fault,
                         int *emulate, int level, gfn_t gfn,
                         pfn_t pfn, bool speculative,
                         bool host_writable)
{
        int was_rmapped = 0;
        int rmap_count;

        pgprintk("%s: spte %llx access %x write_fault %d"
                 " user_fault %d gfn %llx\n",
                 __func__, *sptep, pt_access,
                 write_fault, user_fault, gfn);

        if (is_rmap_spte(*sptep)) {
                /*
                 * If we overwrite a PTE page pointer with a 2MB PMD, unlink
                 * the parent of the now unreachable PTE.
                 */
                if (level > PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL &&
                    !is_large_pte(*sptep)) {
                        struct kvm_mmu_page *child;
                        u64 pte = *sptep;

                        child = page_header(pte & PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK);
                        drop_parent_pte(child, sptep);
                        kvm_flush_remote_tlbs(vcpu->kvm);
                } else if (pfn != spte_to_pfn(*sptep)) {
                        pgprintk("hfn old %llx new %llx\n",
                                 spte_to_pfn(*sptep), pfn);
                        drop_spte(vcpu->kvm, sptep);
                        kvm_flush_remote_tlbs(vcpu->kvm);
                } else
                        was_rmapped = 1;
        }

        if (set_spte(vcpu, sptep, pte_access, user_fault, write_fault,
                      level, gfn, pfn, speculative, true,
                      host_writable)) {
                if (write_fault)
                        *emulate = 1;
                kvm_mmu_flush_tlb(vcpu);
        }

        if (unlikely(is_mmio_spte(*sptep) && emulate))
                *emulate = 1;

        pgprintk("%s: setting spte %llx\n", __func__, *sptep);
        pgprintk("instantiating %s PTE (%s) at %llx (%llx) addr %p\n",
                 is_large_pte(*sptep)? "2MB" : "4kB",
                 *sptep & PT_PRESENT_MASK ?"RW":"R", gfn,
                 *sptep, sptep);
        if (!was_rmapped && is_large_pte(*sptep))
                ++vcpu->kvm->stat.lpages;

        if (is_shadow_present_pte(*sptep)) {
                page_header_update_slot(vcpu->kvm, sptep, gfn);
                if (!was_rmapped) {
                        rmap_count = rmap_add(vcpu, sptep, gfn);
                        if (rmap_count > RMAP_RECYCLE_THRESHOLD)
                                rmap_recycle(vcpu, sptep, gfn);
                }
        }
        kvm_release_pfn_clean(pfn);
        if (speculative) {
                vcpu->arch.last_pte_updated = sptep;
                vcpu->arch.last_pte_gfn = gfn;
        }
}

static void nonpaging_new_cr3(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
}

static pfn_t pte_prefetch_gfn_to_pfn(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t gfn,
                                     bool no_dirty_log)
{
        struct kvm_memory_slot *slot;
        unsigned long hva;

        slot = gfn_to_memslot_dirty_bitmap(vcpu, gfn, no_dirty_log);
        if (!slot) {
                get_page(fault_page);
                return page_to_pfn(fault_page);
        }

        hva = gfn_to_hva_memslot(slot, gfn);

        return hva_to_pfn_atomic(vcpu->kvm, hva);
}

static int direct_pte_prefetch_many(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                    struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                                    u64 *start, u64 *end)
{
        struct page *pages[PTE_PREFETCH_NUM];
        unsigned access = sp->role.access;
        int i, ret;
        gfn_t gfn;

        gfn = kvm_mmu_page_get_gfn(sp, start - sp->spt);
        if (!gfn_to_memslot_dirty_bitmap(vcpu, gfn, access & ACC_WRITE_MASK))
                return -1;

        ret = gfn_to_page_many_atomic(vcpu->kvm, gfn, pages, end - start);
        if (ret <= 0)
                return -1;

        for (i = 0; i < ret; i++, gfn++, start++)
                mmu_set_spte(vcpu, start, ACC_ALL,
                             access, 0, 0, NULL,
                             sp->role.level, gfn,
                             page_to_pfn(pages[i]), true, true);

        return 0;
}

static void __direct_pte_prefetch(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                  struct kvm_mmu_page *sp, u64 *sptep)
{
        u64 *spte, *start = NULL;
        int i;

        WARN_ON(!sp->role.direct);

        i = (sptep - sp->spt) & ~(PTE_PREFETCH_NUM - 1);
        spte = sp->spt + i;

        for (i = 0; i < PTE_PREFETCH_NUM; i++, spte++) {
                if (is_shadow_present_pte(*spte) || spte == sptep) {
                        if (!start)
                                continue;
                        if (direct_pte_prefetch_many(vcpu, sp, start, spte) < 0)
                                break;
                        start = NULL;
                } else if (!start)
                        start = spte;
        }
}

static void direct_pte_prefetch(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 *sptep)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;

        /*
         * Since it's no accessed bit on EPT, it's no way to
         * distinguish between actually accessed translations
         * and prefetched, so disable pte prefetch if EPT is
         * enabled.
         */
        if (!shadow_accessed_mask)
                return;

        sp = page_header(__pa(sptep));
        if (sp->role.level > PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL)
                return;

        __direct_pte_prefetch(vcpu, sp, sptep);
}

static int __direct_map(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gpa_t v, int write,
                        int map_writable, int level, gfn_t gfn, pfn_t pfn,
                        bool prefault)
{
        struct kvm_shadow_walk_iterator iterator;
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        int emulate = 0;
        gfn_t pseudo_gfn;

        for_each_shadow_entry(vcpu, (u64)gfn << PAGE_SHIFT, iterator) {
                if (iterator.level == level) {
                        unsigned pte_access = ACC_ALL;

                        mmu_set_spte(vcpu, iterator.sptep, ACC_ALL, pte_access,
                                     0, write, &emulate,
                                     level, gfn, pfn, prefault, map_writable);
                        direct_pte_prefetch(vcpu, iterator.sptep);
                        ++vcpu->stat.pf_fixed;
                        break;
                }

                if (!is_shadow_present_pte(*iterator.sptep)) {
                        u64 base_addr = iterator.addr;

                        base_addr &= PT64_LVL_ADDR_MASK(iterator.level);
                        pseudo_gfn = base_addr >> PAGE_SHIFT;
                        sp = kvm_mmu_get_page(vcpu, pseudo_gfn, iterator.addr,
                                              iterator.level - 1,
                                              1, ACC_ALL, iterator.sptep);
                        if (!sp) {
                                pgprintk("nonpaging_map: ENOMEM\n");
                                kvm_release_pfn_clean(pfn);
                                return -ENOMEM;
                        }

                        mmu_spte_set(iterator.sptep,
                                     __pa(sp->spt)
                                     | PT_PRESENT_MASK | PT_WRITABLE_MASK
                                     | shadow_user_mask | shadow_x_mask
                                     | shadow_accessed_mask);
                }
        }
        return emulate;
}

static void kvm_send_hwpoison_signal(unsigned long address, struct task_struct *tsk)
{
        siginfo_t info;

        info.si_signo   = SIGBUS;
        info.si_errno   = 0;
        info.si_code    = BUS_MCEERR_AR;
        info.si_addr    = (void __user *)address;
        info.si_addr_lsb = PAGE_SHIFT;

        send_sig_info(SIGBUS, &info, tsk);
}

static int kvm_handle_bad_page(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t gfn, pfn_t pfn)
{
        kvm_release_pfn_clean(pfn);
        if (is_hwpoison_pfn(pfn)) {
                kvm_send_hwpoison_signal(gfn_to_hva(vcpu->kvm, gfn), current);
                return 0;
        }

        return -EFAULT;
}

static void transparent_hugepage_adjust(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                        gfn_t *gfnp, pfn_t *pfnp, int *levelp)
{
        pfn_t pfn = *pfnp;
        gfn_t gfn = *gfnp;
        int level = *levelp;

        /*
         * Check if it's a transparent hugepage. If this would be an
         * hugetlbfs page, level wouldn't be set to
         * PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL and there would be no adjustment done
         * here.
         */
        if (!is_error_pfn(pfn) && !kvm_is_mmio_pfn(pfn) &&
            level == PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL &&
            PageTransCompound(pfn_to_page(pfn)) &&
            !has_wrprotected_page(vcpu->kvm, gfn, PT_DIRECTORY_LEVEL)) {
                unsigned long mask;
                /*
                 * mmu_notifier_retry was successful and we hold the
                 * mmu_lock here, so the pmd can't become splitting
                 * from under us, and in turn
                 * __split_huge_page_refcount() can't run from under
                 * us and we can safely transfer the refcount from
                 * PG_tail to PG_head as we switch the pfn to tail to
                 * head.
                 */
                *levelp = level = PT_DIRECTORY_LEVEL;
                mask = KVM_PAGES_PER_HPAGE(level) - 1;
                VM_BUG_ON((gfn & mask) != (pfn & mask));
                if (pfn & mask) {
                        gfn &= ~mask;
                        *gfnp = gfn;
                        kvm_release_pfn_clean(pfn);
                        pfn &= ~mask;
                        if (!get_page_unless_zero(pfn_to_page(pfn)))
                                BUG();
                        *pfnp = pfn;
                }
        }
}

static bool mmu_invalid_pfn(pfn_t pfn)
{
        return unlikely(is_invalid_pfn(pfn));
}

static bool handle_abnormal_pfn(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gva_t gva, gfn_t gfn,
                                pfn_t pfn, unsigned access, int *ret_val)
{
        bool ret = true;

        /* The pfn is invalid, report the error! */
        if (unlikely(is_invalid_pfn(pfn))) {
                *ret_val = kvm_handle_bad_page(vcpu, gfn, pfn);
                goto exit;
        }

        if (unlikely(is_noslot_pfn(pfn)))
                vcpu_cache_mmio_info(vcpu, gva, gfn, access);

        ret = false;
exit:
        return ret;
}

static bool try_async_pf(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, bool prefault, gfn_t gfn,
                         gva_t gva, pfn_t *pfn, bool write, bool *writable);

static int nonpaging_map(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gva_t v, int write, gfn_t gfn,
                         bool prefault)
{
        int r;
        int level;
        int force_pt_level;
        pfn_t pfn;
        unsigned long mmu_seq;
        bool map_writable;

        force_pt_level = mapping_level_dirty_bitmap(vcpu, gfn);
        if (likely(!force_pt_level)) {
                level = mapping_level(vcpu, gfn);
                /*
                 * This path builds a PAE pagetable - so we can map
                 * 2mb pages at maximum. Therefore check if the level
                 * is larger than that.
                 */
                if (level > PT_DIRECTORY_LEVEL)
                        level = PT_DIRECTORY_LEVEL;

                gfn &= ~(KVM_PAGES_PER_HPAGE(level) - 1);
        } else
                level = PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL;

        mmu_seq = vcpu->kvm->mmu_notifier_seq;
        smp_rmb();

        if (try_async_pf(vcpu, prefault, gfn, v, &pfn, write, &map_writable))
                return 0;

        if (handle_abnormal_pfn(vcpu, v, gfn, pfn, ACC_ALL, &r))
                return r;

        spin_lock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
        if (mmu_notifier_retry(vcpu, mmu_seq))
                goto out_unlock;
        kvm_mmu_free_some_pages(vcpu);
        if (likely(!force_pt_level))
                transparent_hugepage_adjust(vcpu, &gfn, &pfn, &level);
        r = __direct_map(vcpu, v, write, map_writable, level, gfn, pfn,
                         prefault);
        spin_unlock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);


        return r;

out_unlock:
        spin_unlock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
        kvm_release_pfn_clean(pfn);
        return 0;
}


static void mmu_free_roots(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        int i;
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        LIST_HEAD(invalid_list);

        if (!VALID_PAGE(vcpu->arch.mmu.root_hpa))
                return;
        spin_lock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
        if (vcpu->arch.mmu.shadow_root_level == PT64_ROOT_LEVEL &&
            (vcpu->arch.mmu.root_level == PT64_ROOT_LEVEL ||
             vcpu->arch.mmu.direct_map)) {
                hpa_t root = vcpu->arch.mmu.root_hpa;

                sp = page_header(root);
                --sp->root_count;
                if (!sp->root_count && sp->role.invalid) {
                        kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(vcpu->kvm, sp, &invalid_list);
                        kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(vcpu->kvm, &invalid_list);
                }
                vcpu->arch.mmu.root_hpa = INVALID_PAGE;
                spin_unlock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
                return;
        }
        for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
                hpa_t root = vcpu->arch.mmu.pae_root[i];

                if (root) {
                        root &= PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK;
                        sp = page_header(root);
                        --sp->root_count;
                        if (!sp->root_count && sp->role.invalid)
                                kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(vcpu->kvm, sp,
                                                         &invalid_list);
                }
                vcpu->arch.mmu.pae_root[i] = INVALID_PAGE;
        }
        kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(vcpu->kvm, &invalid_list);
        spin_unlock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
        vcpu->arch.mmu.root_hpa = INVALID_PAGE;
}

static int mmu_check_root(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t root_gfn)
{
        int ret = 0;

        if (!kvm_is_visible_gfn(vcpu->kvm, root_gfn)) {
                kvm_make_request(KVM_REQ_TRIPLE_FAULT, vcpu);
                ret = 1;
        }

        return ret;
}

static int mmu_alloc_direct_roots(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        unsigned i;

        if (vcpu->arch.mmu.shadow_root_level == PT64_ROOT_LEVEL) {
                spin_lock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
                kvm_mmu_free_some_pages(vcpu);
                sp = kvm_mmu_get_page(vcpu, 0, 0, PT64_ROOT_LEVEL,
                                      1, ACC_ALL, NULL);
                ++sp->root_count;
                spin_unlock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
                vcpu->arch.mmu.root_hpa = __pa(sp->spt);
        } else if (vcpu->arch.mmu.shadow_root_level == PT32E_ROOT_LEVEL) {
                for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
                        hpa_t root = vcpu->arch.mmu.pae_root[i];

                        ASSERT(!VALID_PAGE(root));
                        spin_lock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
                        kvm_mmu_free_some_pages(vcpu);
                        sp = kvm_mmu_get_page(vcpu, i << (30 - PAGE_SHIFT),
                                              i << 30,
                                              PT32_ROOT_LEVEL, 1, ACC_ALL,
                                              NULL);
                        root = __pa(sp->spt);
                        ++sp->root_count;
                        spin_unlock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
                        vcpu->arch.mmu.pae_root[i] = root | PT_PRESENT_MASK;
                }
                vcpu->arch.mmu.root_hpa = __pa(vcpu->arch.mmu.pae_root);
        } else
                BUG();

        return 0;
}

static int mmu_alloc_shadow_roots(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        u64 pdptr, pm_mask;
        gfn_t root_gfn;
        int i;

        root_gfn = vcpu->arch.mmu.get_cr3(vcpu) >> PAGE_SHIFT;

        if (mmu_check_root(vcpu, root_gfn))
                return 1;

        /*
         * Do we shadow a long mode page table? If so we need to
         * write-protect the guests page table root.
         */
        if (vcpu->arch.mmu.root_level == PT64_ROOT_LEVEL) {
                hpa_t root = vcpu->arch.mmu.root_hpa;

                ASSERT(!VALID_PAGE(root));

                spin_lock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
                kvm_mmu_free_some_pages(vcpu);
                sp = kvm_mmu_get_page(vcpu, root_gfn, 0, PT64_ROOT_LEVEL,
                                      0, ACC_ALL, NULL);
                root = __pa(sp->spt);
                ++sp->root_count;
                spin_unlock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
                vcpu->arch.mmu.root_hpa = root;
                return 0;
        }

        /*
         * We shadow a 32 bit page table. This may be a legacy 2-level
         * or a PAE 3-level page table. In either case we need to be aware that
         * the shadow page table may be a PAE or a long mode page table.
         */
        pm_mask = PT_PRESENT_MASK;
        if (vcpu->arch.mmu.shadow_root_level == PT64_ROOT_LEVEL)
                pm_mask |= PT_ACCESSED_MASK | PT_WRITABLE_MASK | PT_USER_MASK;

        for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
                hpa_t root = vcpu->arch.mmu.pae_root[i];

                ASSERT(!VALID_PAGE(root));
                if (vcpu->arch.mmu.root_level == PT32E_ROOT_LEVEL) {
                        pdptr = vcpu->arch.mmu.get_pdptr(vcpu, i);
                        if (!is_present_gpte(pdptr)) {
                                vcpu->arch.mmu.pae_root[i] = 0;
                                continue;
                        }
                        root_gfn = pdptr >> PAGE_SHIFT;
                        if (mmu_check_root(vcpu, root_gfn))
                                return 1;
                }
                spin_lock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
                kvm_mmu_free_some_pages(vcpu);
                sp = kvm_mmu_get_page(vcpu, root_gfn, i << 30,
                                      PT32_ROOT_LEVEL, 0,
                                      ACC_ALL, NULL);
                root = __pa(sp->spt);
                ++sp->root_count;
                spin_unlock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);

                vcpu->arch.mmu.pae_root[i] = root | pm_mask;
        }
        vcpu->arch.mmu.root_hpa = __pa(vcpu->arch.mmu.pae_root);

        /*
         * If we shadow a 32 bit page table with a long mode page
         * table we enter this path.
         */
        if (vcpu->arch.mmu.shadow_root_level == PT64_ROOT_LEVEL) {
                if (vcpu->arch.mmu.lm_root == NULL) {
                        /*
                         * The additional page necessary for this is only
                         * allocated on demand.
                         */

                        u64 *lm_root;

                        lm_root = (void*)get_zeroed_page(GFP_KERNEL);
                        if (lm_root == NULL)
                                return 1;

                        lm_root[0] = __pa(vcpu->arch.mmu.pae_root) | pm_mask;

                        vcpu->arch.mmu.lm_root = lm_root;
                }

                vcpu->arch.mmu.root_hpa = __pa(vcpu->arch.mmu.lm_root);
        }

        return 0;
}

static int mmu_alloc_roots(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        if (vcpu->arch.mmu.direct_map)
                return mmu_alloc_direct_roots(vcpu);
        else
                return mmu_alloc_shadow_roots(vcpu);
}

static void mmu_sync_roots(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        int i;
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;

        if (vcpu->arch.mmu.direct_map)
                return;

        if (!VALID_PAGE(vcpu->arch.mmu.root_hpa))
                return;

        vcpu_clear_mmio_info(vcpu, ~0ul);
        trace_kvm_mmu_audit(vcpu, AUDIT_PRE_SYNC);
        if (vcpu->arch.mmu.root_level == PT64_ROOT_LEVEL) {
                hpa_t root = vcpu->arch.mmu.root_hpa;
                sp = page_header(root);
                mmu_sync_children(vcpu, sp);
                trace_kvm_mmu_audit(vcpu, AUDIT_POST_SYNC);
                return;
        }
        for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
                hpa_t root = vcpu->arch.mmu.pae_root[i];

                if (root && VALID_PAGE(root)) {
                        root &= PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK;
                        sp = page_header(root);
                        mmu_sync_children(vcpu, sp);
                }
        }
        trace_kvm_mmu_audit(vcpu, AUDIT_POST_SYNC);
}

void kvm_mmu_sync_roots(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        spin_lock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
        mmu_sync_roots(vcpu);
        spin_unlock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
}

static gpa_t nonpaging_gva_to_gpa(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gva_t vaddr,
                                  u32 access, struct x86_exception *exception)
{
        if (exception)
                exception->error_code = 0;
        return vaddr;
}

static gpa_t nonpaging_gva_to_gpa_nested(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gva_t vaddr,
                                         u32 access,
                                         struct x86_exception *exception)
{
        if (exception)
                exception->error_code = 0;
        return vcpu->arch.nested_mmu.translate_gpa(vcpu, vaddr, access);
}

static bool quickly_check_mmio_pf(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 addr, bool direct)
{
        if (direct)
                return vcpu_match_mmio_gpa(vcpu, addr);

        return vcpu_match_mmio_gva(vcpu, addr);
}


/*
 * On direct hosts, the last spte is only allows two states
 * for mmio page fault:
 *   - It is the mmio spte
 *   - It is zapped or it is being zapped.
 *
 * This function completely checks the spte when the last spte
 * is not the mmio spte.
 */
static bool check_direct_spte_mmio_pf(u64 spte)
{
        return __check_direct_spte_mmio_pf(spte);
}

static u64 walk_shadow_page_get_mmio_spte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 addr)
{
        struct kvm_shadow_walk_iterator iterator;
        u64 spte = 0ull;

        walk_shadow_page_lockless_begin(vcpu);
        for_each_shadow_entry_lockless(vcpu, addr, iterator, spte)
                if (!is_shadow_present_pte(spte))
                        break;
        walk_shadow_page_lockless_end(vcpu);

        return spte;
}

/*
 * If it is a real mmio page fault, return 1 and emulat the instruction
 * directly, return 0 to let CPU fault again on the address, -1 is
 * returned if bug is detected.
 */
int handle_mmio_page_fault_common(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 addr, bool direct)
{
        u64 spte;

        if (quickly_check_mmio_pf(vcpu, addr, direct))
                return 1;

        spte = walk_shadow_page_get_mmio_spte(vcpu, addr);

        if (is_mmio_spte(spte)) {
                gfn_t gfn = get_mmio_spte_gfn(spte);
                unsigned access = get_mmio_spte_access(spte);

                if (direct)
                        addr = 0;

                trace_handle_mmio_page_fault(addr, gfn, access);
                vcpu_cache_mmio_info(vcpu, addr, gfn, access);
                return 1;
        }

        /*
         * It's ok if the gva is remapped by other cpus on shadow guest,
         * it's a BUG if the gfn is not a mmio page.
         */
        if (direct && !check_direct_spte_mmio_pf(spte))
                return -1;

        /*
         * If the page table is zapped by other cpus, let CPU fault again on
         * the address.
         */
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(handle_mmio_page_fault_common);

static int handle_mmio_page_fault(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 addr,
                                  u32 error_code, bool direct)
{
        int ret;

        ret = handle_mmio_page_fault_common(vcpu, addr, direct);
        WARN_ON(ret < 0);
        return ret;
}

static int nonpaging_page_fault(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gva_t gva,
                                u32 error_code, bool prefault)
{
        gfn_t gfn;
        int r;

        pgprintk("%s: gva %lx error %x\n", __func__, gva, error_code);

        if (unlikely(error_code & PFERR_RSVD_MASK))
                return handle_mmio_page_fault(vcpu, gva, error_code, true);

        r = mmu_topup_memory_caches(vcpu);
        if (r)
                return r;

        ASSERT(vcpu);
        ASSERT(VALID_PAGE(vcpu->arch.mmu.root_hpa));

        gfn = gva >> PAGE_SHIFT;

        return nonpaging_map(vcpu, gva & PAGE_MASK,
                             error_code & PFERR_WRITE_MASK, gfn, prefault);
}

static int kvm_arch_setup_async_pf(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gva_t gva, gfn_t gfn)
{