$Id: input-programming.txt,v 1.4 2001/05/04 09:47:14 vojtech Exp $

Programming input drivers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1. Creating an input device driver
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1.0 The simplest example
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Here comes a very simple example of an input device driver. The device has
just one button and the button is accessible at i/o port BUTTON_PORT. When
pressed or released a BUTTON_IRQ happens. The driver could look like:

#include <linux/input.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/init.h>

#include <asm/irq.h>
#include <asm/io.h>

static void button_interrupt(int irq, void *dummy, struct pt_regs *fp)
{
        input_report_key(&button_dev, BTN_1, inb(BUTTON_PORT) & 1);
}

static int __init button_init(void)
{
        if (request_irq(BUTTON_IRQ, button_interrupt, 0, "button", NULL)) {
                printk(KERN_ERR "button.c: Can't allocate irq %d\n", button_irq);
                return -EBUSY;
        }
        
        button_dev.evbit[0] = BIT(EV_KEY);
        button_dev.keybit[LONG(BTN_0)] = BIT(BTN_0);
        
        input_register_device(&button_dev);
}

static void __exit button_exit(void)
{
        input_unregister_device(&button_dev);
        free_irq(BUTTON_IRQ, button_interrupt);
}

module_init(button_init);
module_exit(button_exit);

1.1 What the example does
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

First it has to include the <linux/input.h> file, which interfaces to the
input subsystem. This provides all the definitions needed.

In the _init function, which is called either upon module load or when
booting the kernel, it grabs the required resources (it should also check
for the presence of the device).

Then it sets the input bitfields. This way the device driver tells the other
parts of the input systems what it is - what events can be generated or
accepted by this input device. Our example device can only generate EV_KEY type
events, and from those only BTN_0 event code. Thus we only set these two
bits. We could have used

        set_bit(EV_KEY, button_dev.evbit);
        set_bit(BTN_0, button_dev.keybit);

as well, but with more than single bits the first approach tends to be
shorter. 

Then the example driver registers the input device structure by calling

        input_register_device(&button_dev);

This adds the button_dev structure to linked lists of the input driver and
calls device handler modules _connect functions to tell them a new input
device has appeared. Because the _connect functions may call kmalloc(,
GFP_KERNEL), which can sleep, input_register_device() must not be called
from an interrupt or with a spinlock held.

While in use, the only used function of the driver is

        button_interrupt()

which upon every interrupt from the button checks its state and reports it
via the 

        input_report_btn()

call to the input system. There is no need to check whether the interrupt
routine isn't reporting two same value events (press, press for example) to
the input system, because the input_report_* functions check that
themselves.

1.2 dev->open() and dev->close()
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In case the driver has to repeatedly poll the device, because it doesn't
have an interrupt coming from it and the polling is too expensive to be done
all the time, or if the device uses a valuable resource (eg. interrupt), it
can use the open and close callback to know when it can stop polling or
release the interrupt and when it must resume polling or grab the interrupt
again. To do that, we would add this to our example driver:

int button_used = 0;

static int button_open(struct input_dev *dev)
{
        if (button_used++)
                return 0;

        if (request_irq(BUTTON_IRQ, button_interrupt, 0, "button", NULL)) {
                printk(KERN_ERR "button.c: Can't allocate irq %d\n", button_irq);
                button_used--;
                return -EBUSY;
        }

        return 0;
}

static void button_close(struct input_dev *dev)
{
        if (!--button_used)
                free_irq(IRQ_AMIGA_VERTB, button_interrupt);
}

static int __init button_init(void)
{
        ...
        button_dev.open = button_open;
        button_dev.close = button_close;
        ...
}

Note the button_used variable - we have to track how many times the open
function was called to know when exactly our device stops being used.

The open() callback should return a 0 in case of succes or any nonzero value
in case of failure. The close() callback (which is void) must always succeed.

1.3 Basic event types
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The most simple event type is EV_KEY, which is used for keys and buttons.
It's reported to the input system via:

        input_report_key(struct input_dev *dev, int code, int value)

See linux/input.h for the allowable values of code (from 0 to KEY_MAX).
Value is interpreted as a truth value, ie any nonzero value means key
pressed, zero value means key released. The input code generates events only
in case the value is different from before.

In addition to EV_KEY, there are two more basic event types: EV_REL and
EV_ABS. They are used for relative and absolute values supplied by the
device. A relative value may be for example a mouse movement in the X axis.
The mouse reports it as a relative difference from the last position,
because it doesn't have any absolute coordinate system to work in. Absolute
events are namely for joysticks and digitizers - devices that do work in an
absolute coordinate systems.

Having the device report EV_REL buttons is as simple as with EV_KEY, simply
set the corresponding bits and call the

        input_report_rel(struct input_dev *dev, int code, int value)

function. Events are generated only for nonzero value. 

However EV_ABS requires a little special care. Before calling
input_register_devices, you have to fill additional fields in the input_dev
struct for each absolute axis your device has. If our button device had also
the ABS_X axis:

        button_dev.absmin[ABS_X] = 0;
        button_dev.absmax[ABS_X] = 255;
        button_dev.absfuzz[ABS_X] = 4;
        button_dev.absflat[ABS_X] = 8;

This setting would be appropriate for a joystick X axis, with the minimum of
0, maximum of 255 (which the joystick *must* be able to reach, no problem if
it sometimes reports more, but it must be able to always reach the min and
max values), with noise in the data up to +- 4, and with a center flat
position of size 8.

If you don't need absfuzz and absflat, you can set them to zero, which mean
that the thing is precise and always returns to exactly the center position
(if it has any).

1.4 The void *private field
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

This field in the input structure can be used to point to any private data
structures in the input device driver, in case the driver handles more than
one device. You'll need it in the open and close callbacks.

1.5 NBITS(), LONG(), BIT()
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

These three macros frin input.h help some bitfield computations:

        NBITS(x) - returns the length of a bitfield array in longs for x bits
        LONG(x)  - returns the index in the array in longs for bit x
        BIT(x)   - returns the indes in a long for bit x

1.6 The number, id* and name fields
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The dev->number is assigned by the input system to the input device when it
is registered. It has no use except for identifying the device to the user
in system messages.

The dev->name should be set before registering the input device by the input
device driver. It's a string like 'Generic button device' containing an
user friendly name of the device.

The id* fields contain the bus ID (PCI, USB, ...), vendor ID and device ID
of the device. The bus IDs are defined in input.h. The vendor and device ids
are defined in pci_ids.h, usb_ids.h and similar include files. These fields
should be set by the input device driver before registering it.

The idtype field can be used for specific information for the input device
driver.

The id and name fields can be passed to userland via the evdev interface.

1.7 The keycode, keycodemax, keycodesize fields
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

These two fields will be used for any inpur devices that report their data
as scancodes. If not all scancodes can be known by autodetection, they may
need to be set by userland utilities. The keycode array then is an array
used to map from scancodes to input system keycodes. The keycode max will
contain the size of the array and keycodesize the size of each entry in it
(in bytes).

1.8 Key autorepeat
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

... is simple. It is handled by the input.c module. Hardware autorepeat is
not used, because it's not present in many devices and even where it is
present, it is broken sometimes (at keyboards: Toshiba notebooks). To enable
autorepeat for your device, just set EV_REP in dev->evbit. All will be
handled by the input system.

1.9 Other event types, handling output events
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The other event types up to now are:

EV_LED - used for the keyboad LEDs.
EV_SND - used for keyboard beeps.

They are very similar to for example key events, but they go in the other
direction - from the system to the input device driver. If your input device
driver can handle these events, it has to set the respective bits in evbit,
*and* also the callback routine:

        button_dev.event = button_event;

int button_event(struct input_dev *dev, unsigned int type, unsigned int code, int value);
{
        if (type == EV_SND && code == EV_BELL) {
                outb(value, BUTTON_BELL);
                return 0;
        }
        return -1;
}

This callback routine can be called from an interrupt or a BH (although that
isn't a rule), and thus must not sleep, and must not take too long to finish.